Exploring the Ruin of Man in Rappaccinis Daughter Essay -- Rappaccini

Exploring the Ruin of Man in Rappaccinis Daughter Who will redeem man from his evil tendencies and his fallen demesne? Nathaniel Hawthorne in Rappaccinis Daughter delves into the nature of man and reveals that the evil imaginations and machinations of man may eventually lead to his ruin. Rappaccinis Daughter is a story set in the mid-nineteenth nose candy in Padua, Italy, a country well known for its romantic stories and history. This period in time was marked by various scientific discoveries, especially in medicine. This boom led to extensive debates on science and religion. There was the argument of whether or not to let things happen naturally or to interfere with the processes of nature. It begins with a student, Giovanni Guasconti, who comes to the University of Padua to pursue his studies (Hawthorne 45) barely falls in love with Beatrice, the daughter of a very famous botanist Dr. Rappaccini who cultivates a poisonous garden. Despite the fact that Giovanni Guasconti had bu t a scanty supply of gold ducats in his pocket, he took lodgings in a high and gloomy chamber... fit to have been the palace of a Paduan fearful (Hawthorne 45). This been the first time he was out of his native sphere,... Giovanni was unused to Padua and missed Naples and the cheerful sunshine of Southern Italy (Hawthorne 46). Giovanni portrays the generation in search of knowledge. Beneath his windowpane was a garden consisting of a variety of plants which seemed to have been cultivated with exceeding care (Hawthorne 46). Strategically located in the center of the garden was the ruin of a marble fountain...whose water continued to gush and sparkle into the sunbeams as cheerful as ever (Hawthorne 46) just as Beatrices sp... ... The myth of the Garden Nathaniel Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter. Studies in the literary Imagination II, 1969, (pp. 3-12) Evans, Oliver Allegory and Incest in Rappaccinis Daughter 19th Century Fiction Vol. 19, 1964, (pp. 185-195) Genesis The Bible Hawtho rne, Nathaniel The House of Seven Gables (1851) http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/sg10.html September 1998, (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel The Marble Faun (1859-60) http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/mf19.html September 1998 (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel Rappaccinis Daughter American Short Stories (1820 to the present). Jones, Madison Short Story Criticism Vol. 3 1989 (pp. 191-193) Kloeckner, Alfred The flower and the Fountain Hawthornes chief symbols in Rappaccinis Daughter American Literature Vol. 38, 1966-67 (pp323 -331)

Young Goodman Brown Essay -- essays research papers

Young Goodman Brown" tells the tale of a young Puritan man drawn into a covenant with the Devil. Browns illusions just about the goodness of his society are crushed when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife, are att breaking a Black Mass. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Browns experience was nightmare or reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his love ones and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom.Guilt vs. InnocenceHawthorne presents Young Goodman Browns evening of diabolical revelry as the first and last fling with evil the inexperienced young man ever has. Early in the story, Brown says "after this one nig...

Sports Management :: essays research papers

Sports ManagementSomeone once said, There are those who make things happen, those whowatch things happen, and those who wonder what happened. I consider myself oneof those rare people who really knows how to make things happen. I founder gonefrom macrocosm a follower to being a leader, from being someone who was shy anduncertain to a person who is self-confident and assertive. It has been aremarkable metamorphosis, and it has changed my future professional plans andpersonal goals.The awakening of my independence happened during the end of my softball game gameseason my freshman year in college when my head coach had cut my scholarshipbecause of lack of funding. I was faced with making my first mature findinginto what my future was to hold. The following year I transferred to doubting ThomasCollege hoping to play ball again which did not materialize because there werenot enough players recruited to start the softball program. At Thomas College,I realized that I was going to scho ol for the wrong reason -- to play ball. Theidea hit me that being at Thomas College was not going to get me where I wantedto go in life. I then transferred to the University of Charleston, where I ampresently. I wanted to pursue a sport management degree, while using myathletic abilities to participate in softball. I have no regrets on thedecisions I have made, because I would never be the person I am today or havemet all of the key people along the way. finishedout my college career, I have attempted to learn as much aspossible about the field of sports management through various work experienceswith many different types of sports organizations. Through my experiences withpeople in a minor league baseball association, fitness club, national relationsdepartment, athletic departments, and various recreation centers, I have had the probability to develop and hone my communication and public relation skills inseveral different areas. These experiences have helped me gain a betterunde rstanding of my career goals in the sports industry.In addition to the time spent out in the field, my education atUniversity of Charleston has further developed my skills and knowledge of sportsmanagement, specifically in the areas of marketing, promotions, public and mediarelations, and management. I have also had the opportunity to be involved invarious extracurricular activities that have provided me with the skills andknowledge that I have employed in my work experiences. Many concepts that Ihave learned from these activities were not taught in the classroom, but were

The Fight for the Ordination of Women in the Roman Catholic Church Ess

It is a well-k at a timen fact that women of the Catholic Church have been excluded from holding of the essence(predicate) leadership roles throughout history. While the more subordinate women of the early Catholic Church once accepted this view, Catholic women around the world are now challenging it. Multiple secular and religious influences over the last few decades have empowered women to find their voice and speak out against this long- stand up tradition of dissimilarity (Henold 15). Despite all of the debate and the shortage of priests, the Catholic Church has not waivered in its belief against the ordination of women into priesthood. To gain a better understanding of this debate, unitary must examine the history and aspirations of the Catholic feminist movement, as well as the reasoning behind the churchs decision to uphold this long- standing tradition. In the early days of the Catholic Church, strict guidelines were placed on women to ensure that they were pure, dome stic, and submissive. They were expected to conform to the model of the eternal woman by better-looking up any personal desires and surrendering themselves to God (Henold 25). This ideal woman was portrayed in a publication called The Eternal Women, which was written in 1934 by a German historian by the name of Gertrud von Le Fort (Henold 26). Le Fort expressed that women were assigned the duty of sacrifice, and while men had to sacrifice as well, it was not in their nature. It was expected that a woman must surrender to her husband in all aspects of life, including decisions pertaining to child bearing (Henold 27). She used the Virgin bloody shame as an example of surrender, by explaining that Mary surrendered herself to God when accepting her role as the mother of Jesus (Henold 27). ... ...ntinue fighting for equal rights even when faced with excommunication. The Vatican issued a statement in May of 2008 saying that all women priests and the bishops who ordained them woul d be excommunicated (Roman Catholic). Despite countless threats to takeers, the Association of Roman Catholic Women Priests is gaining support as they embrace to ordain women into priesthood and establish congregations around the globe.It is difficult to predict what the future holds for the women of the Catholic Church. Although they have found success in some areas in their fight for equality, the Vatican has remained consistent in its refusal to allow the ordination of women into priesthood even into the present day. It is evident that no matter what decisions are made in the future, this will continue be a topic of constant debate and tension in the Catholic Church.

Incarcerated Parents and Their Children Essay -- Children of Incarcerat

The challenges of children who grow up with enhances whom were incarcerated at some point in their childhood can have a major military force on their life. The incarceration of parents can at times begin to affect the child even at birth. Now with prison nurseries the impregnated mother can hang in her baby during her time in jail. With the loss of their parent the child can begin to develop behavioral problems with being obedient, temper tantrums, and the loss of simple mixer skills. Never learning to live in a society they are deprived of a normal social life. The enormous increase incarceration take to a parallel, but far less documented, increase in the proportion of children who grew up with a parent incarcerated during their childhood (Johnson 2007). This means the consequences of the children of the incarcerated parents receive no guardianship from the media, or academic research. The academic research done in this paper is to strengthen the research alre ady worked by many other people. The impact of the parents incarceration on these children can at times be both positive and negative. The incarceration of a parent can be the issuance to the change of childs everyday life, behavioral problems, and depriving them a normal social life.There have been many questions raised if the nurseries programs were fair but the proceeds of women incarcerated in state prisons in the United States (US) has dramatically increased in the past 20 years, and 70% of these women are the mothers of minor children, as of the last assurance of Justice estimates (Mumola, 2000). Allowing women to parent their children within correctional facilities in the US may be one of the most controversial debates surrounding the imprisonment of women (Bel... ...e, May 2009. Web. .Mumola, Christopher J. 2000. Incarcerated Parents and Their Children. post of Justice Statistics Special Report, NCJ 182335. Washington, DC Bureau of Justice StatisticsPhillips, Susan D., A laattin Erkanli, Gordon P. Keeler, E. Jane Costello, and Adrian Angold. 2006. Disentangling the Risks Parent Criminal Justice Involvement and Childrens Exposure to Family Risks. Criminology and Public Policy 5(4).Sroufe LA, Egeland B, Carlson EA, Collins WA. The organic evolution of the person The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York The Guilford Press 2005.Tolan, Patrick H., Deborah Gorman-Smith, and Rolf Leober. Developmental Timing of Onsets of Disruptive. Journal of Child and Family Studies 9.2 (2000) 203-20. Print.

A World Of Intoxification :: essays research papers fc

A world of intoxification Screams pierced the mid night air and students ran wildly about the campus. police force cars whizzed by with their sirens blaring in the night. Glass was being broken and girls were being defiled. Confusion was all around and no one could stop it. This is an average night at any given university in America. The similarities between a horror story and a story about a college party are besides many. At an average college party where alcohol is being served there is the possibility of fights, rape, death, destruction, and jail time. The common opinion in America is that all of these things are bad. So why do college students continue to engage in these activities? There are three reasons. First, if students have not been exposed to alcohol or drugs previously, when they get into that variety show of environment, they will experiment. Secondly, if everyone else who is important, i.e. fraternities and sororities, does it, past to be important, you must drink . Finally, without parent instilling morals and good judgment into their children, the students do not think that it is wrong to participate in these activities. All in all, the biggest problem on college campuses is the consumption of alcohol and drugs. If a person was never exposed to the heat of a flame their whole life, and then was thrown into a family barbeque, where they asked this person to cook, how well would they do? They would probably put too much lighter fluid in the grill. Or, they would light the grill man looking at it to see what it did. Or, they would light the grill and then put their slide by on it to see what it felt like. All of these things would cause extreme pain in the ass to the person who did this. But, would it be their fault? Would it be their fault that they didnt know how combustible lighter fluid was? It wouldnt be their fault if they put their hand on it and singed the flesh off of their hand. It wouldnt be their fault because they were never ex posed to it. The same thing can be said about crapulence and drugs at college. If the person was never exposed to alcohol or drugs and they were thrown into a place where people engage in these activities on a firm basis, of course they would experiment.

Acupuncture essay

Acupuncture Acupuncture is a conventional Eastern therapeutic technique that uses fine needles, inserted into specific points on the body along the meridians in proper speed to achieve a specific therapeutic goal. Acupuncture originated in prehistoric China, and it is based on much(prenominal) theories of handed- level Chinese Medicine as treating blockages of Qi, yin-yang balancing, quint elements speculation and momentum diagnosis. The functional system of channel and organs uses concepts of yin-yang balancing. Nowadays, stylostixis has become commonly use in many Western countries as well. Around 200 B. C. the Yellow Emperors textbook of physical medicine called Huang Di Nei Jing described the essential metaphysics of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The ancient Chinese doctors saw man as an integral part of nature and all things both in Yin and Yang around him were related to him, and things in Yin and Yang should be in balance. The original meaning of Yin is the shady nerve of the hill, and Yang is the sunny side of the hill. The opposites complement each other in a dynamic process. Thus, Yin and Yang cannot pull done without the other, and the devil forces always combine to thread up the whole. This polar system of Yin and Yang has an important role in medicine and in the description of breeding processes in the human body and of their pathologic disturbances. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p88) Qi is the vital energy or life force, and it is omnipresent in nature and is app arent in all life in the form of change and movement. The action and movement of Qi expresses in every life process and every organic function. In the body, Qi accumulates in the organs and flows in impart or meridians that are called Jing and Luo in Chinese. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p. 88) The general theory of acupuncture is based on the premise that there are Qi. The liquid flow of Qi throughout the body is essential for optimal health. Blockage of this energy is thought to cause disease. The aim of the treatment in Chinese acupuncture is to h armonize the flow of Qi by dissolving blockages and stagnation in the organs and channels. If the Qi of an organ is weakened, the function of this organ will be broken or faulty, only if Qi of an organ is present in xcess, the function of this organ will be excessive. Acupuncture can balance the conditions of excess or deficiency in the organs, and thus achieve an undisturbed function. The system of quintuple element, like yin-yang balancing, is a philosophy concept and is a way of recognizing and analyzing things. The five elements are wood, fire, earth, metal and water. This system is used to explain the reasons of interaction relationship between all things in the nature through the interlinked relationship between the five elements.These basic elements are intimately interlinked. Each element is controlled by another, while itself simultaneously con trolling a third phase. According to Chinese medicine, Qi flows through meridians, and there are11 organs interact intimately with the channels. The 11 organs are described as functional systems and subdivided into six Yang organs and five Yin organs. Large intestine, hand round intestine, stomach, urinary bladder, gallbladder and Sanjiao are the six Yang organs, and lung, heart, spleen, kidney and liver are the five Yin organs. Pericardium (a double-walled sac that contains theheartand the roots of the great vessels) is not considered as a Yin organ, but as part of the heart, having a channel. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p122) The 12 main channels form a system of ternion cart tracks of channels at the body surface. Each course of channel consists of cardinal pair Yin-Yang channels. iodin pair runs in reduplicate along the arm, and the other along the leg. This three courses flow in similar form. One Yin and one Yang organ form a functional unit, wh ich involves a particular tissue and the corresponding channels.Acupuncture points are regain on those channels. By the application of needles, alter, or massage on acupuncture points, acupuncturists can make some damaged organs function better. A pair of channels consists of a Yin and a Yang channel. Yang channels run laterally or on the dorsal side of the body, while Yin channels run medially or on the ventral side. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p125) There are 12 main channels, like the months of the Chinese zodiac, each representing a major organ system of the body. In addition, there are two extraordinary channels named Ren Mai and Du Mai.Ren Mai is the conceptional vessel, which counts as a Yin channel, while Du Mai is the g overning vessel, which counts as a Yang channel. These two extraordinary channels and the 12 main channels unneurotic make up the system of 14 channels on which the 361 classic acupuncture points are situated. The 12 main channe ls form a system of three courses or cycles of channels at the body surface. Each course of channel consists four main channels, two Yin and two Yang channels. One Yin-Yang pair runs in parallel course along the arm, and the other along the leg.An internal branch of the channel derives from the main channel running to the corresponding Yin or Yang organ. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p125) The stolon course is located on the ventral side of the body. It is made up of the lung, large intestine, stomach, and spleen channels. The lung channel starts at the chest wall and runs along the volar side of the arm to the corner of the thumbnail, and it belongs to the Yin polarity. The large intestine channel starts from the index finger and runs on the dorsal side of the arm to the face, and it belongs to the Yang polarity.The stomach channel starts from the face and runs ventrally down the body to the second toe, and it belongs to the Yang polarity. The spleen chann el runs from the foot along the inside of the leg back to the chest wall, and thus it belongs to the Yin polarity. The second course is located on the dorsal side of the body. It is made up of the heart, small intestine, urinary bladder and kidney channels. The third course is located on the lateral side of the body. It is made up of the pericardium, Sanjiao, gallbladder and liver channels. These courses flow similar to the first course.A Yin or Yang channel axis is made up of two adjacent Yang channels or two adjacent Yin channels in the same course of channels. The Yang channel axes pass downwards from the arm to the leg through the head and body. The Yin channel axes pass up from the feet to arms through the body. The channel axes are important for diagnosis as well as for treatment. Acupuncture are very useful in treating some disorders, such as respiratory disorders, mental disturbances and illness, neurological disorders, skin disorders and disorders of the sense organs, etc.. some respiratory disorders are successfully treated by acupuncture.Especially in chronic conditions, such as chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, or bronchial asthma, acupuncture is more than effective than other forms of treatment. External climatic influences such as cold, wind, dryness, and occasionally heat are sometimes the causes of a weakened lung Qi. Thus, acupuncture can dissolving the blockage and can strengthen the Qi. Acupuncture treatment is very effective in a large number of psychosomatic disorders, such as agitation or exhaustion conditions, insomnia, depression, sexual disturbances, drug addictions, obesity, and headache. Acupuncture has a harmonizing, sedative, or tonifying effect. Many points of the Du Mail, heart, pericardium, and gallbladder channels have strong psychological effects. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p287) Also, organs that are affected in mental disturbances can be treated by excitant of the points of the corresponding chan nels. Acupuncture also shows a good effect in megrim, chronic headache and trigeminal neuralgia. According to traditional ideas, chronic headache and migraine are attributed to a blockage of Qi in the Yang channels of the head.The pain in chronic headache is mostly caused by an internal disturbance of organs. The side of pain is very important in planning for an individual acupuncture treatment. However, trigeminal neuralgia is attributed to a blockage of Qi caused by wind, cold, or heat, together with pronounced internal disturbances of the liver or stomach. In the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, a large number of points in the face are needled on the contra-lateral side they should be manually stimulated over and over again, for dispersing stimulation. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p296) Acupuncture treatment is also effective in many skin disorders, such as neurodermatitis, acne, herpes zoster, psoriasis, and eczema. According to traditional ideas, t he skin is related to the lung and the large intestine, and skin disorders are therefore treated with points on the channels relating to the lung and the large intestine. What worth mentioning is that points surrounding the baffled skin area should not be needled especially ulcerated regions.Acupuncture treatment is highly effective in disorders of the sense organs, deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, conjunctivitis and visual deficiency. According to traditional concepts, the ear is related to the functional system of the kidney and urinary bladder, while the eye corresponds to the liver and gallbladder. In addition, the ear is closely connected to the Sanjiao channels, which circles round the ear. Stimulation of the distal points of the Sanjiao is higyly effective in ear disorders. Negative effects of acupuncture were rarely reported, however, they do exist and special attention should be paid to. The most shit complication of acupuncture treatment is the vasovagal episode. More seriou s complications reported include rare pneumothoraces, lacerations of viscera, compression of nerve trucks due to local hematomas, sepsis, transverse myelopathy, eschars and scarring, endocarditis, and broken needles. (Ceniceros, Salvador and Geroge R. Brown, 1998) The first needles were sharp flints, and later metal needles had replaced sharp flints. Different acupuncture needles have different length and diameter. Usually, the length varies from 1. 5 to 15 cm, and the diameter varies from 26 to 36 gauge (0. 2 to 0. 5mm). Disposable needles are usually made of stainless steel with handles wrapped in copper wire. Today, most used needles are ropy steel needles because the steel is ductile and unbreakable. Filiform needles consist of a tip, a body and a handle. In most cases, 0. 3mm thick needles are used in acupuncture. When insert acupuncture needles, acupuncturist should hold them vertically use three fingers, the thumb on one side of the needle and the index and middle finger o n the other side.The needles should be held perpendicular to the three fingers and 1-2cm from the tip of the needles should not be held, especially with long needles, which are more liable to bend. There are two methods of insertion. One is fast method, and the other is low method. Fast method causes less pain, while low method may be painful. The insertion can be perpendicular (90), oblique (30-60), or occasionally tangential (10). The depth of insertion and the direction are disposed(p) with the specific acupuncture point, but they can transfigure depending on the constitution of the patient.In China in the 1960s, electro-acupuncture (EA) was introduced into clinical practice, especially for treatment of chronic pain and neurological diseases. Electro-acupuncture is aimed at stimulate the points electrically by attaching flexible wires (via small alligator clips) to the needles. (Gabriel Stux, Brian Berman and Bruce Plmeranz, 2003, p315) Electro-acupuncture uses one pair of nee dles which are attached flexible wires (via small alligator clips) to stimulate the points electrically, instead of twirling the acupuncture needles by hand.Pulses of electricity with the pulse width from 0. 1 to 1. 0 ms in duration are applied to the needles in order to stimulate nerves. One major advantage of Electro-acupuncture is that it is more convenient than manual therapy, and requires less skills and accurate needle placement. Acupuncture was first introduced to Europe in the 17th century. However, at that time, it was not widely accepted by Europeans. Most Western skeptics claimed that the traditional Chinese theory of acupuncture was merely anecdotal therefore cannot be reliable.This situation has dramatically changed in the past 20 years. Lots of publications who went to China and saw the use of acupuncture have revealed the reductionism, causal mechanisms for many of the acupuncture effects in many leading Western journals. It is estimated that over 300,000 physicians o f over one million practitioners outside China use acupuncture treatment for chronic pain. About 90% of the physicians that were found in a juvenile study of German pain clinics used acupuncture. Also, there are over 11,000 physicians were interested in acupuncture in the USA.In Canada, more than 2000 physicians have taken courses given by the Acupuncture Foundation of Canada. In North America, besides physicians, veterinarians, chiropractors, and naturopaths also use acupuncture. In conclusion, acupuncture based on the Tradition Chinese theory of Yin-Yang balancing, five elements theory to dissolve any blockages in the vital energy Qi. Acupuncture treatments are very useful in variable areas of disorders despite there may few adverse effects. Nowadays, acupuncture is more familiar to Westerns, and it is accepted by growing number of people in the world.

Part Two Chapter IV

IVSamanthas dinner invitation to Kay had been motivated by a mixture of vengefulness and boredom. She saw it as retaliation against Miles, who was always busy with schemes in which he gave her no say but with which he expected her to co-operate she wanted to retard how he liked it when she put things without consulting him. Then she would be stealing a march on Maureen and Shirley, those nosy old crones, who were so fascinated by Gavins private affairs but k modernistic bordering to nothing virtu ally the relationship between him and his London girlfriend. Finally, it would afford her another opportunity to sharpen her claws on Gavin for being pusillanimous and indecisive about his have it off life she might scold about weddings in front of Kay or say how nice it was to see Gavin making a commitment at last.However, her plans for the discomposure of others gave Samantha less pleasure than she had hoped. When on Satur twenty-four hours morning she told Miles what she had done, he reacted with suspicious enthusiasm.Great, yeah, we havent had Gavin large for ages. And nice for you to get to know Kay.Why?Well, you always got on with Lisa, didnt you?Miles, I hated Lisa.Well, OK maybe youll like Kay betterShe glared at him, wondering where all this good humour was coming from. Lexie and Libby, home for the weekend and cooped up in the endure because of the rain, were ceremonial a music DVD in the sitting room a guitar-laden ballad blared through to the kitchen where their parents stood talking.Lis cristal, said Miles, brandishing his mobile, Aubrey wants to have a talk with me about the council. Ive just called Dad, and the Fawleys have invited us all to dinner tonight at Sweetlove No thanks, said Samantha, cutting him off. She was suddenly full of a fury she could just now explain, even to herself. She walked out of the room.They argued in low voices all over the house through the day, trying not to spoil their daughters weekend. Samantha refused to c hange her mind or to treat her reasons. Miles, afraid of getting angry at her, was alternately conciliatory and cold.How do you think its going to look if you dont come? he said at ten to eight that evening, standing in the doorway of the sitting room, ready to leave, wearing a suit and tie.Its nothing to do with me, Miles, Samantha said. Youre the one running for office.She liked watching him dither. She knew that he was terrified of being late, yet wondering whether he could still persuade her to go with him.You know theyll be expecting both(prenominal) of us.Really? Nobody move me an invitation.Oh, come off it, Sam, you know they meant they took it for granted More fool them, then. Ive told you, I dont fancy it. Youd better hurry. You dont want to keep Mummy and Daddy waiting.He left. She listened to the simple machine reversing out of the pull, then went into the kitchen, opened a feeding bottle of wine and brought it back into the sitting room with a glass. She kept pic turing Howard, Shirley and Miles all having dinner unneurotic at Sweetlove House. It would surely be the first orgasm Shirley had had in years.Her vox populis swerved irresistibly to what her accountant had said to her during the week. Profits were way down, whatever she had pretended to Howard. The accountant had in truth suggested closing the shop and concentrating on the online side of the business. This would be an admission of failure that Samantha was not prepared to make. For one thing, Shirley would love it if the shop closed she had been a gripe about it from the start. Im sorry, Sam, its not really my taste just a teeny bit over the top But Samantha loved her little red and faint shop in Yarvil loved getting away from Pagford every day, chatting to customers, gossiping with Carly, her assistant. Her world would be tiny without the shop she had nurtured for fourteen years it would contract, in short, to Pagford.(Pagford, crashing(a) Pagford. Samantha had never meant to live here. She and Miles had planned a year out before starting work, a round-the-world trip. They had their itinerary mapped out, their visas ready. Samantha had dreamed about walking barefoot and generate in hand on long w overheade Australian beaches. And then she had found out that she was pregnant.She had come down to visit him at Ambleside, a day after she had taken the pregnancy test, one week after their graduation. They were supposed to be leaving for Singapore in eight days time.Samantha had not wanted to place Miles in his parents house she was afraid that they would overhear. Shirley seemed to be behind every door Samantha opened in the bungalow.So she waited until they were sitting at a menacing recession table in the Black Canon. She meaned the rigid line of Miles jaw when she told him he seemed, in some indefinable way, to become older as the news hit him.He did not speak for several petrified seconds. Then he said, Right. Well get married.He told her that he had already bought her a ring, that he had been planning to propose someplace good, somewhere like the top of Ayers Rock. Sure enough, when they got back to the bungalow, he unearthed the little box from where he had already hidden it in his rucksack. It was a small solitaire diamond from a jewellers in Yarvil he had bought it with some of the money his grandmother had left him. Samantha had sat on the edge of Miles do and cried and cried. They had married three months later.) solo with her bottle of wine, Samantha turned on the television. It brought up the DVD Lexie and Libby had been watching a frozen image of four young men singing to her in annoyed T-shirts they looked barely out of their teens. She pressed play. After the boys finished their song, the DVD cut to an interview. Samantha slugged back her wine, watching the band joking with each other, then becoming yearning as they discussed how much they loved their fans. She thought that she would have known them as Americ ans even if the sound had been off. Their teeth were perfect.It grew late she paused the DVD, went upstairs and told the girls to leave the PlayStation and go to bed then she returned to the sitting room, where she was three-quarters of the way down the bottle of wine. She had not turned on the lamps. She pressed play and kept drinking. When the DVD finished, she put it back to the commencement and watched the bit she had missed.One of the boys appeared significantly more mature than the other three. He was broader across the shoulders biceps bulged beneath the short sleeves of his T-shirt he had a thick square neck and a square jaw. Samantha watched him undulating, staring into the camera with a detached serious expression on his handsome face, which was all planes and angles and winged black eyebrows.She thought of sex with Miles. It had last happened three weeks previously. His performance was as predictable as a Masonic handshake. One of his favourite sayings was if its not br oke, dont fix it.Samantha emptied the last of the bottle into her glass and imagined making love to the boy on the screen. Her breasts looked better in a bra these days they spilled everywhere when she lay down it made her belief flabby and awful. She pictured herself, forced back against a wall, one leg propped up, a dress pushed up to her waist and that strong dark boy with his jeans round his knees, thrusting in and out of her With a lurch in the pit of her stomach that was nearly like happiness, she heard the car turning back into the drive and the beams of the headlights swung around the dark sitting room.She fumbled with the controls to turn over to the news, which took her much longer than it ought to have done she shoved the empty wine bottle under the sofa and clutched her almost empty glass as a prop. The front door opened and closed. Miles entered the room behind her.Why are you sitting here in the dark?He turned on a lamp and she glanced up at him. He was as well groom ed as he had been when he left, except for the raindrops on the shoulders of his jacket.How was dinner?Fine, he said. You were missed. Aubrey and Julia were sorry you couldnt make it.Oh, Im sure. And Ill bet your mother cried with disappointment.He sat down in an armc sensory hair at right angles to her, staring at her. She pushed her hair out of her eyes.Whats this all about, Sam?If you dont know, Miles But she was not sure herself or at least, she did not know how to condense this sprawling sense of ill-usage into a coherent accusation.I cant see how me standing for the Parish Council Oh, for Gods sake, Miles she shouted, and was then slightly taken aback by how loud her voice was.Explain to me, please, he said, what possible residue it can make to you?She glared at him, struggling to articulate it for his pedantic legal mind, which was like a fiddling pair of tweezers in the way that it seized on pitiable choices of word, yet so often failed to grasp the bigger picture. What could she say that he would understand? That she found Howard and Shirleys endless talk about the council boring as orchestra pit? That he was quite tedious enough already, with his endlessly retold anecdotes about the good old days back at the rugby club and his self-congratulatory stories about work, without adding pontifications about the Fields?Well, I was under the impression, said Samantha, in their dimly lit sitting room, that we had other plans.Like what? said Miles. What are you talking about?We said, Samantha provide carefully over the rim of her trembling glass, that once the girls were out of school, wed go travelling. We promised each other that, remember?The formless rage and misery that had consumed her since Miles announced his determination to stand for the council had not once led her to mourn the years travelling she had missed, but at this moment it seemed to her that that was the real problem or at least, that it came closest to expressing both the antagonism and the yearning inside her.Miles seemed completely bewildered.What are you talking about?When I got pregnant with Lexie, Samantha said loudly, and we couldnt go travelling, and your bloody mother made us get married in double-quick time, and your father got you a job with Edward Collins, you said, we agreed, that wed do it when the girls were grown up we said wed go away and do all the things we missed out on.He shook his head belatedly.This is news to me, he said. Where the hell has this come from?Miles, we were in the Black Canon. I told you I was pregnant, and you said for Christs sake, Miles I told you I was pregnant, and you promised me, you promised You want a holiday? said Miles. Is that it? You want a holiday?No, Miles, I dont want a bloody holiday, I want dont you remember? We said wed take a year out and do it later, when the kids were grown upFine, then. He seemed unnerved, determined to brush her aside. Fine. When Libbys eighteen in four years time, well talk abou t it again. I dont see how me becoming a councillor affects any of this.Well, apart from the bloody boredom of listening to you and your parents whining about the Fields for the rest of our graphic lives Our natural lives? he smirked. As opposed to ?Piss off, she spat. Dont be such a bloody smartarse, Miles, it might impress your mother Well, frankly, I still dont see what the problem The problem, she shouted, is that this is about our future, Miles. Our future. And I dont want to bloody talk about it in four years time, I want to talk about it nowI think youd better eat something, said Miles. He got to his feet. Youve had enough to drink.Screw you, MilesSorry, if youre going to be abusive He turned and walked out of the room. She barely stop herself throwing her wine glass after him.The council if he got on it, he would never get off he would never renounce his seat, the chance to be a proper Pagford big shot, like Howard. He was committing himself anew to Pagford, retaking hi s vows to the town of his birth, to a future quite different from the one he had promised his distraught new fiancee as she sat sobbing on his bed.When had they last talked about travelling the world? She was not sure. Years and years ago, perhaps, but tonight Samantha decided that she, at least, had never changed her mind. Yes, she had always expected that some day they would pack up and leave, in search of heat and freedom, half the globe away from Pagford, Shirley, Mollison and Lowe, the rain, the puniness and the sameness. Perhaps she had not thought of the white sands of Australia and Singapore with longing for many years, but she would rather be there, even with her heavy thighs and her stretch marks, than here, confine in Pagford, forced to watch as Miles turned slowly into Howard.She slumped back down on the sofa, groped for the controls, and switched back to Libbys DVD. The band, now in black and white, was walking slowly along a long empty beach, singing. The broad-shou ldered boys shirt was flapping open in the breeze. A fine trail of hair led from his omphalus down into his jeans.

Who benefits from take over resistance tactics

Who benefits from take over resistance tactics? According to the finance literature, a takeover is a process whereby a firm acquires another firm, resulting in a change of the controlling interest of the acquired firm. Takeovers can occur with acquisitions, proxy contests and going- closed-door transactions. They can be friendly when the worry of the stigma firm is receptive to the bidder bring home the bacon or they can be hostile when target firm managers resist takeover attempts by using antitank tactics. According to Ross et al (2010), takeovers can result in change of firm policies, layoffs, terminations, or overhaul of business operations.To analyze who benefits from a takeover resistance tactic, we should prototypical examine the reasons or motivations of the defensive tactic by target firm managers. According to Ruback (1987), managers resist takeovers for the following reasons Managers deal that firm has hidden values, this is due to the private information they have about the firms future prospects that is not available to the public and when managers assess the takeover bid by comparing the offer price with what they believe is the fair value of the firm (incorporating the private information) and the offer price turns out to be less, managers will oppose the offer.Managers believe the resistance will increase offer price, therefore, their attempt to resist slows the bid and create opportunity to an increase of the tender offer as the bidder after an initial unsuccessful friend offer, tries to buy through a tender offer and if not successful, try the auction for the firm. According to Ruback (1983) cited in Ruback (1987), the final offer price exceeded the initial offer price by 23% in 48 competitive tender offers between 1962-81.Managers whitethorn want to preserve their Jobs and positions, especially when they are ware that the bidder intends to replace the target firms management. tail firm managers use a variety of defensive tactics to a void takeovers, from altering the terms of directors where managers amend charters of the firm to make takeovers more difficult deluxe parachutes related to severance packages payable to managers in the event of takeover, increasing the cost of acquisition poison pills provision that are deterrent to the merchant bank diluting for example the acquirers character in the firm.Other tactics after the company in in play include greenmail and sales booth agreement, white knight and white squire, recapitalization and repurchases where managers issue debt to repurchase servings aising the mart share price, making it less attractive to the bidder exclusionary self-tenders and asset restructuring. These tactics are built by management for self- protection reasons, being severe, (blocking takeovers) or soft tactics with no substantial impact on the offer price.However, empirical evidence shows that although managers defensive tactics may sometime rarely shareholders by increasing wealth, in general, these tactics do not have a positive impact in the share price of the target firm. According to DeAnglelo and Rice (1983) cited in Ruback (1987. p56-57), they constitute no evidence of share price reaction to adoption of orporate charters amendment when analyzing 53 firms using staggered boards as well as the ettect ot super majority provision. Ho ( 6) cited in Ruback 7), tound no evidence of existence of abnormal return for a take of 23 poison pills.This conclusion is also consistent with findings of Kidder, Peabody and Company for a sample of 167 poison pills where no stock price change was observed. Evidence by Dann and DeAngelo (1983) proves that there is a negative stock price reaction with the use of standstill agreements by -4% whereas, greenmails, cause a negative stock reaction of -3%. Dann and DeAngelo (1986) cited in Ruback (1987), analyzed 20 transactions where they found that acquisitions and divestitures, reduce by 2% the share price of the target firm. I n general, empirical evidence supports the idea that managers defensive tactics are harmful to the target firm value.For example, Bates et al (2012) reported that Microsoft dope offered USD 47 billion to Yahoo in 2008, a premium above 60% however this offer was rejected by Yahoo executives. Following Microsofts withdrawal method of the acquisition bid, Yahoos shares dropped by 1 5% the CEO of Yahoo was later replaced for this costly and selfish behavior. According to Bradley et al (1988) cited in Devos (2009), companies merge to benefit from synergies. For a sample of 236 successful tender offers from 1963-1884, they noted that the equity value for the combined firms increased by 7,4% in average.Synergy is when the combined firm value exceeds the value of the acquirer and acquired firm before the acquisition. Therefore, synergy is attached to the incremental cash flows, coming from revenue enhancement, cost reduction, tax gains and reduced capital requirements. According to Breale y (2003), acquisitions can find out in three basic forms, merger or consolidation, acquisition of stock and cquisition of assets. The merger is the incorporation of assets and liabilities of one firm by another and the acquirer maintains its evoke whereas the acquired firm ceases to exist.The main advantage of this method over others rely on the minimum costs incurred on mergers as they do not require the communicate of title deed of individual assets of the acquired firm to the acquiring firm which is costly provided that the merger is approved. In addition, in the transfer of assets form according to Ross et al (2010), nonage shareholders often cause problems to the majority shareholders. The acquisition of stock as we saw above, can be costly to the bidder because of the defensive tactics used by the target firm managers as an attempt to avoid the takeover.Therefore, the outcome aimed by the acquiring firm may not be achieved as the tender price may be pushed us, above the rea l market value of the acquired firm.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay

Hello fellow classmates, today Im going to inform you on alcohol and Drug Abuse. Alcohol exclaim is due to many factors, including how you were raised, your social environment and your emotional health. American Indians and Native Alaskans are more likely to buzz off alcoholic drink abuse, also people who have a family history of alcoholism or heavy drinkers are more likely to develop some mixture of drinking problem.People who give birth from mental health problems such as anxiety, depression or bipolar disorder are at risk because alcohol may have been used to self-medicate Alcohol abuse effects society in many ways including more people getting divorced, domestic abandon problems, unemployment and even living in poverty, also if you have children they are effected the most as they are sensitive and are most likely to suffer from long-lasting emotional trauma because a parent or caretaker is an alcohol abuser Many people experiment with drugs for contrasting reasons.Many pe ople canvass drugs for the first time because they are curious think theyre going to have a good time, because everyone around them is doing it including friends, others do it to enhance athletic consummation or to ease other problems such as stress, anxiety or depression. Some may think using drugs automatically leads to abuse but it depends on the individual. Drug Abuse isnt about how much you take or how frequently you take it, its about the consequences from taking the drug, if its causing problems at home, school, work or even relationships, its possible you have a drug abuse problem.Drug abuse affects society in many different ways such as, neglecting your responsibilities at school, work or home, causing problems in your relationships such as fights with your partner, family member or friends We need to change the way Alcohol and Drug abuse affects not only society but the abusers, because it is unfaithful to Gods teachings as he never wanted us to abuse anything in anyway shape or form. Gods love for everyone is so strong and powerful that he doesnt want you to get trouble because you feel the need to abuse Alcohol and especially DrugsThe solution to these problems is depending on there condition. Most abusers can control there use therefore and well-fixed solution for them is moderation, for example setting limits and using there will power, but if that doesnt work they need to obtain counselling, which will help oneself them with different strategies in coping with all there emotions, but if someone is a social drinker because they have a low self-esteem, they can get psychological help to feel better about themselves so they dont have to drink So we need to spread the word of god to start diminish the number of people who abuse drugs and alcohol

Ethics in Decision Making Essay

Decision do or the process of choosing among alternatives is pr turningiced by almost all one-on-ones (Mingst, 2001). In almost every situation people is approach with the idea of reservation decisions whether it is as simple as choosing what clothes to buy up to life changing choices like deciding on a peculiar(a) carg onenessr path. This kind of act is not always as simple as it looks like especially when decisions are perceived according to particular factors that excise it. The choices that a individual made are often influenced by many factors and one of which is the idea of ethics.Ethics is a set of standards that directs an individual on how to act in certain situations. The idea of ethics is often confused with feelings, law, religion, science, and cultural norms. These concepts influenced ethics in one way or another but these are not synonymous with it. Ethical standards are derived from five sources namely utile appeal, Rights Approach, justice or Justice Approa ch, Common reasoned Approach, and Virtue Approach (Santa Clara University, 2007).The functional Approach emphasizes the idea that ethical action gives greater good and minimal harm. This approach is after the results of particular decisions that it should strived to give more advantageous effects sooner than adverse consequences. A good example of this is ethics in corporation that aim to produce more beneficial results for everyone in the company (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Rights Approach is a source of ethical standards that gives high regards in respecting and protecting the moral rights of those people concern.This can be rooted from the idea that the very essence of an individuals humanity that enables him/her to make decisions for oneself entitled each one of them to a sense of dignity. Based on this dignity, their rights as individuals should be given due importance. These rights also dumbfound with its corresponding duties and one of which is to respect the right s of other people as well (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Fairness or Justice Approach is based on the arguments of Aristotle and other Hellenic philosophers that all equals should be treated equally.Ethical actions should treat individuals equally but if there is inequality whence there should be a defendable standard as to such. A corporate environment is a best example of such approach because workers are paid according to their productivity and contribution to the company, which is perceived as fair. However, there is contention when it comes to the CEOs of companies because their salary is many times larger than the others which make such disparity unfair for some (Santa Clara University, 2007).The Common Good Approach gives value in the importance of life. They believe that the very idea of life is good which is why ethical actions should contribute to the well-being of that life. The intermingling of societal relationships as well as the respect and care for others esp ecially the marginalized are emphasized. Furthermore, this approach also highlights the importance of conditions that admit common good (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Virtue Approach is considered as a very ancient way of looking at ethical actions.Certain virtues are to be followed in hallow to attain the full schooling of human beings. These virtues are needed in order to reach the full potential of ones character. Questions like What kind of person will I become if I do this? or is this action consistent with my acting at my best? are taken into consideration in this approach (Santa Clara University, 2007). These aforementioned sources of ethics could be applied in the process of decision making especially with the individuals or decision makers that are involved within the process.Decision makers induce various motivations and characteristics that hit their choices. There are two types of motivation namely the in-order-to motives and the because-of-motives. The in-or der-to motives explains that a decision maker will choose a particular decision in order to accomplish a certain objective (Mingst, 2001). Ethics could highly influence this kind of motivation especially in terms of the Utilitarian, Virtue, and Common Good approaches.The Utilitarian approach is manifested in the in-order-to motives because if an individual will make a decision based on an objective of producing more good rather than harm then it already fulfils an ethical action in the Utilitarian perspective. In terms of the Virtue approach, ethics is seen in the motivation of the decision maker when the choices made are based on an objective that helps the development of an individual towards its full potential. The Common Good approach also asserts ethics because actors are influenced to choose decisions that will bring about the greater good to the most number of people.On the other hand, the because-of-motives arises from the unconscious or semiconscious motives or impulses ari sing out of previous life check or inner values, interests, or drives of the decision maker (Mingst, 2001). Ethical action becomes possible in the decisions made by an individual based on the ideas of the Rights Approach and the Fairness or Justice Approach. The Rights Approach exemplified the moral rights of the people that should be respected and protected. These rights motivate the decision maker to make choices that will uphold these values.Similarly, the Fairness or Justice Approach also influences the motive of the decision maker by putting in mind the idea of what is equal from what is not especially if such idea is something that the individual values or has interests on. According to the assumptions of the Decision Making Theory, a clear-sighted actor plays a vital role in the decision making wherein that individual is well-aware of the list of available alternatives and capable of calculating each options possible results and has the freedom of choice to select the one w ith the highest preferential value.However, the biographical knowledge of the decision maker has a crucial role in the choices that will be made. Factors such as a persons educational background, religion, life experiences, mental and physical health as well as other activities could explain the interests and values of the decision maker (Mingst, 2001). An individual decision maker is already influenced by numerous factors that affect its decisions which make decision making for a collective entity of diverse people more complicated.A population would have various and sometimes conflicting interests and basically different decisions. In such case, the important factor for this diverse population to successfully produce at a most advantageous decision is to acquire consensus. Consensus building is an important factor for the decision making process of a diverse population. Since they have numerous interests and motives they need to be able to arrive at a decision that everybody will benefit from even if it means having to compromise at times.In doing so, they also need an appropriate attracter that would collaborate their interests. A democratic form of leadership is a good example of how the process of decision making takes place in a diverse population (Bissessar, 2004). The interests of its citizens are represented through party system as well as by select political leaders. However, numerous party systems is still not that easy to manage which is why a rational and appropriate leader is still needed that would be able to make sound decisions for its citizens.The decision maker is the most important part of the decision making process. The motives, interests as well as the background of this rational actor are vital in order to understand the choices that are made. Being the case, ethical standards is also one of the factors that influenced these decisions.This also applies in the decision making of diverse population because they need consensus building in order to embody their various and sometimes conflicting interests. In doing so, it also need an appropriate leader that would collaborate their interests and implements the decision.Ethical standards and the other factors that influence the decision maker have a big part in the selection of sound decisions.ReferencesBissessar. A. M. (2004). Globalization and Governance Essays on the Challenges for Small Countries. North Carolina McFarland. Santa Clara University. (2007). A Framework for Thinking Ethically. Retrieved 14 May 2008, from http//www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework. html. Mingst, K. (2001). Essentials of International Relations. New York W. W. Norton & Co.

Kpop

I believe everyone here has known Hollywood right? And also Plywood? As we know, Hollywood has become the dwelling house of best actor, best movie, best music and many more. Also Plywood for its unique dance, song and their clothes such as Sari. Now How about K-pop? give birth you ever heard anything about K-pop? Have you ever seen any k-pop fan little girls shouting like crazy to their idols? Will you think they view wasted a lot of time thinking about their idols 2417 rather than studying?If you think in this way, I think youve misunderstand those children who chase after Korean idols. I am a huge fan of KOP. I started becoming a KOP fan girl from 2009 until now. Before I am so into KOP I apply to be a person who give up easily, dont have any dreams and doesnt really like to talk to people. The past 5 years of my fan girl life had its ups and downs, Joy and tears, excitement and fulfillment. One thing for sure, I do not regret every single moment of it. Some would say I kind o f wasted my 5 years of my life for KOP.One who does not experience it would surely never understand. The Journey helped me learn more, gain more, and enhance my skills more. The most authoritative thing that ever happens to me was I improved my communication skills a lot by making friend with different fans. If I have never entered to the humans of k-pop, I will not be able to step closer to one of my dreams. As u can tell, If not for KOP I would not have experienced this Journey. It Is not really how KOP changed me but how KOP helped me acquire and learn all those things that I know will be helpful in the future.

The Plane – Creative Writing

Four pm Spanish time and we were in the Reus airport waiting to go home. We had really enjoyed ourselves in the sun, compared to wet and mordant Northern Ireland but we were really looking forward to getting home and seeing our family again. We had only been there ab bulge an hour when we were asked to go to the difference lounge. I thought this was great. We would be in the air promptly and I would see my friends before nightfall. We where flying with Monarch Airlines and we could see the sail over the horizon. As it was come all that was in my mind were thoughts of home.The people were getting off the plane and they were rushing for the baggage reclaim. We could see our luggage macrocosm transported onto the plane and watched as it was being refuelled. As I took a look around I could see there were no engineers examining the plane. As we settled into our seats the headmaster of the plane inform that we would be taking off within the next ten minutes. I was seated at the wind ow, my sister next to me, my mum on the aisle and my popping in the next row. As the plane was powering up I became very nervous. The engines roared and it shot like a bullet along the course and into the air. I looked out the window and watched.The airport became just a speck in the standoffishness and I knew we were finally heading home. The confine crew came along selling headphones for the televisions and I bought a pair and waited to see what was coming on. The TV sets came eat but to my surprise they went back up, All the sets were doing this, up then down again and again. The cabin lights flickered and a cold mist came out of the ceiling, I thought this was very strange. We all knew by now something wasnt right. Then the Captains speakers came on and he said in a frightful manner could the cabin crew come to the cockpit for a briefing I knew this was not normal.The speakers came on once more the captain saying, I am sorry but we will have to return to Reus airport. My he art started to pump faster. As he said that, the plane went over to the side. I looked out of the window and the ocean was like a magnet pulling the plane down. The Captain pulled back up again and the plane was going the opposer direction. I could see the airport that was just a spec and now was a safe-haven. The plane started its descent to the airport. As I peered out of the window the runway was getting closer. Then the right engine failed. I thought this was all right because we were almost on the ground.As I turned my head encourage round the window I saw fire engines and ambulances rushing down beside the plane. My hands gripped onto the arm of the chair like a vice on a piece of hard metal There were children crying but I couldnt, all I could do was watch the sky. The back wheels of the plane touched down and I held my breath for the final wheel touching the ground. As it did it was like Velcro sticking to the runway. The wheels screeched on the ground and the plane went o ff to the right and we came to an discriminating halt. Everyone on the plane was silent and all that could be heard were sirens.One man on the plane started demanding his baggage. Then the Captain announced that we had to go to the departure lounge. Anybody that was a smoker had started smoking on the plane. As we waited in the departure lounge all we were given was a drop sandwich and a free drink. We were in the airport for two hours when a thunderstorm occurred. All I could think of was it could only happen to me. Then around an hour later the Captain came into the airport and announced that when we took off we had sprayed half our fuel supply over the runway. It was due to a burst fuel pipe and that was why we had such a bad landing.We were in the airport for a total of seven hours when we could hear a faint sound in the air. All the people came to the windows and looked out. In the distance we could see our new plane coming towards the airport through thunder and lightning. I t looked like a superhero coming to our rescue as everybody cheered. As we got on the plane everyone was nervous. We went down the runway and into the air again. As this was happening you could almost hear everyones heart beating. As we touched down in Belfast International airdrome everyone cheered once more and the pilots wished us all a safe and happy onward journey.

Primary Education in Sub Saharan Africa Essay

direct tuition and registration levels in sub-Saharan Africa remain a major development issue in the 21st centimeury. The region has seen levels of elementary enrollment climb from 47% to 87% since 1950 (UN 2010). It is now evident that nigh everywhere in the cosmos there atomic number 18 currently more(prenominal) youngsterren in receipt of un dod rearing than 15 years ago. Nevertheless, 15% of all children around the globe, and 25% of children in sub-Saharan Africa muted do not. (UN 2010) forecast 1 Children receiving primordial grooming. (UN 2010) Figure 1 Children receiving autochthonic precept. (UN 2010)Policy Briefing pertlysprint Why does it constitute a development issue? Although there has been some progress in the proportions of children of primary initiate mount up actually receiving and completing primary statement, about 100 million children worldwide argon still denied this right. Not surprisingly, most of these children live in under real co untries. Figure 2 Children of primary prepare age not primary education. Expressed in millions (One 2012) Figure 2 Children of primary school age not primary education. Expressed in millions (One 2012) Figure 3 Distribution of out-of-school children by region.(UN 2010) Figure 3 Distribution of out-of-school children by region. (UN 2010) Jandhyala B. G. Tilak cited in the Journal of world(prenominal) Cooperation in cultivation (2009) tell that The importance of basic education for development is widely acknowledged before going on to tell that basic education constitutes one of the most important means by which the poorest society bath purify their situation and warranty a life of dignity for their citizens. (Jandhyala B. G 2009) Therefore it is evident that basic education particularly at a primary level should be a main component of either development strategy.M any people accept that development in education could be a accelerator pedal to help achieve progress on the M illennium training method Goals (MDGs) as devised by the UN, but this pass on involve an intensified pledge to equity. Continuing inequalities are hampering progress regarding the study for All (EFA) goals at global, regional and discipline levels. The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009 shows that within countries, inequalities constructed on wealth, location, grammatical sex, immigration or minority emplacement or disability are the main factors which deny millions of children a dependable- feeling education.(Thomas 2011) The World Bank tell that Every personchild, youth and adultshall be able to benefit from educational opportunities designed to fall upon their basic education (World Bank 2010) Before further going on to state that Education is a powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality, improving health and social healthful-being It can be said therefore, that education can lay the basis for sustained scotch growth in the developing world.One of the mo st important reasons for investment in education and achieving the MDG is the fact that in an increasingly complex, knowledge-dependent world it can be the gate counseling to even higher(prenominal) levels of education, so therefore education must be the first antecedency. (World Bank 2010) In fact Irina Bokova UNESCOs Director-General said that Youth is Africas main resource. recent people are not only the mark to the future, they are in addition the ones constructing the present, (Thomas 2011). In fact Irina Bokova UNESCOs Director-General said that Youth is Africas main resource.Young people are not only the key to the future, they are also the ones constructing the present, (Thomas 2011). Figure 4 Progress toward universal primary education. (World Bank 2010) Figure 4 Progress toward universal primary education. (World Bank 2010) The British charity, Oxfam, says that if the money is not found, another generation of Africans leave behind be trapped in illiteracy and poverty. Africa risks being left behind as the global prudence becomes increasingly based on skills and knowledge in the next century. Millennium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals are 8 international goals that the UN wants to achieve by 2015.Goal 2 is to achieve universal primary education in the developing world. Concerning the MDG of achieving universal primary education, sub-Saharan Africa has made more progress than any other region due to strong efforts to increase enrolment. Despite the improvement, almost half of the children out of school live in sub-Saharan Africa and the majority of them are largely excluded from education, and most will never move into a schoolroom. Moreover the region has the mooest youth literacy rate (72 per cent in 2009). Figure 5 Progress towards universal primary education.(UN 2010) Figure 5 Progress towards universal primary education. (UN 2010) Causes and consequences of poor enrolment levels in primary education The main cause of poo r enrolment levels in sub-Saharan African is ceiling. Many countries are unable to afford and implement adequate education strategies. Jandhyala B. G. Tilak cited in Journal of global Cooperation in Education (2009) stated that Making primary education free and compulsory requires public funds. except governments everywhere are starved of resources for education. Particularly in developing counties the allocations to education subscribe to been far from adequate. Jandhyala also uses figures to illustrate just how little is spent on education, particularly on the primary sector in sub-Saharan Africa, compared to the rest of the world sub-Saharan Africa allocated 4. 4 per GNP to education, compared to 5. 3 per cent in the developed countries and the world average of 4. 9 per cent in 2005. Additionally when looking at primary education specifically Expenditure on primary education per pupil as per cent of GNP per capita was 13 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2006, compared to 17 per cent in the developed countries and 14 per cent in the world on average. (Jandhyala B. G. Tilak 2009) The Guardian published an article in 2010 stating that A glaring wishing of mutual accountability between primary schools and parents, poor financial record keeping and bad solicitude is threatening the quality of basic education in seven African countries, including Uganda. Moreover, poor governance outlines and practices, with circumscribed availability of financial documentation at district education offices and schools, which was impeding progress in achieving the six aims of the Education For All (EFA) initiative and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (Ford, L and Kavuma, R. 2010) The article then describes the results of the Africa Education detect Good governance lessons for primary education report which concludes that increased thought needs to be intrust into to management training and building expertise on a more local scale to envision money is well sp ent. The report also expresses that the implementation of decentralizing may seem a good idea but has led to poor performance and negative financial results. There has been much pass surrounding non-formal education such as farmer training as opposed to formal classroom tuition.In chapter 5 of Geographies of Development (2008) it is suggested that education is a legacy of the colonial period and is often inappropriate for the present-day needs of individuals, communities and nations. It uses the example of what the most appropriate form and structure of education furnish should be for poorer countries, proposing what proportion of the budget should be spent on the different sectors (primary, secondary and tertiary) and later questioning should more attention be given to non-formal education?Such as craft skills as opposed to more formal classroom tuition. (Potter et al. 2008) There has also been much debate over the capability and quality of teaching in sub-Saharan Africa, in fa ct Novicki (1998) stated that Among the myriad problems plaguing education in Africa is the low quality of schooling in much of the region, with overly large class sizes and the average number of students per teacher higher than in any other world region except South Asia. Many teachers are unqualified, teaching aids are few and far between and textbook provision is desperately poor, therefore learning achievement is low. Novicki also says that there are unequal opportunities for rural children and the urban poor. (Novicki 1998) Another cause of low enrolment levels in primary education is inequality, especially between boys and girls. A lack of education and economic security affects millions of women and girls, whose literacy levels are generally dismay than men and boys.The MDGs attempt to eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a revolve about on ensuring girls full and equal access to a nd achievement in basic education of good quality. Studies have cl untimely shown that educating girls has a significant imp serve on the health and welfare of households. Girls who have been educated are more the likely to marry later and to engage in economic activity outside the home.moreover, they track down to submit better care and nutrition for themselves and their children which leads to a reduction in disease and lower child mortality. (Potter et al. 2008) It is also evident that many young children have other roles to play in their community and family life. culturally education is still not seen as a priority for many people. For instance children are further to stay at home and work on the farm or go out pile up water. Figure 6 Gender parity in education in sub-Saharan Africa (UN 2010) Figure 6 Gender parity in education in sub-Saharan Africa (UN 2010) slacken 1 Riddell, A (On behalf of UNESCO). (2003). Table 1 Riddell, A (On behalf of UNESCO). (2003). Which develo pment strategies have addressed the issue? The 1990 World Conference on Education for All identified a need for diverse, flexible approaches within a unified national system of education (Potter et al. 2008) the conference then came to an agreement over 5 broad objectives for primary education * give lessons serviceable skills * Be more flexible * Get girls into school * Raise the quality and status of teachers * neglect the families school bill(Potter et al. 2008).Novicki (1998) stated that more partnerships were mandatory in order to reverse declining enrolment in the early 21st century, she said that in addition to encouraging national leadership and a coordinated conferrer approach partnerships between parents, students, civil society and teachers unions need to be built in support of education. (Novicki 1998) In order to achieve the UNESCO EFA goals, the Dakar Framework for Action, which was agreed upon in 2000, sets out a two-part gender equity agenda first, to achieve gend er parity in school participation and second, to improve gender equality in educational opportunities and outcomes.One development scheme which has seen success in recent years has been the Schools for Africa initiative which has attempted to give education to the most disadvant of age(p) children including those who suffer from discrimination and harassment and those who spunk extreme poverty, political unrest or natural disaster (Dolan 2012). The results of this have been that 5. 5 million children crosswise Africa are now receiving better education. The initiative is active in Angola, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, South Africa and Zimbabwe.It aims to operate in the opera hat interest of every child, and uses measurements to improve childrens learning environment in a gender-sensitive way and this has been shown to lower drop-out rates. Schools for Africa uses a child-friendly school approach with sex separated sanitation facilitie s, safe drinking water (which has helped children kick the bucket more time in classrooms and less time collecting water. ) and finally better school environments (Dolan 2012). UNESCO says that education is vital to development in sub-Saharan Africa and has its Regional Bureau for Education in Dakar, Senegal.It has 15 dramaturgy offices serving sub-Saharan Africa that work to keep education high on the agenda of governments and development partners. Furthermore UNESCOs International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa (IICBA) focuses on improving the quality of teacher education in the region. In addition UNESCO supports the Basic Education in Africa Program, advocating for countries to adopt legal frameworks which guarantee 8-10 years of uninterrupted basic education. (UN 2010) What has worked well?United Nations Summit 2010 said that various solutions are being attempted. * Abolishing school fees at primary school level has seen a surge in enrolment in countries like Ethio pia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique and Malawi. * Investing in teaching infrastructure and resources Recruiting referees and volunteers to meet teacher demand in places like Ghana. * Promoting education for girls Botswana has reduced female drop-out rates by half by implementing readmission policies. Malawi has been promoting girls education in grades 1-4 by providing learning materials.* Expanding access to remote and rural areas Introducing mobile schools to reach children who do not have perpetual access. Furthermore introducing a bilingual education program using indigenous languages to expand access to education for indigenous children in remote areas. (United Nations Summit 2010) Many African governments have focused their reserves from debt reliever in the direction of the education sector. Mali, for example, has allotted virtually half its debt relief savings in the way of education.Debt relief has also enabled many African governments to abolish primary school fees, opening school doors for millions of the poorest children. The nimble Track Initiative (FTI) created in 2002 as a partnership to accelerate progress towards achieving UPE. Developing countries create a national education plan that is endorsed by technical experts and then donors in turn provide technical expertise and additional funding to support the plan. The Tanzanian government instigated a Primary Education Development Program to enhance the primary education system with help from donors.Between 2002 and 2004, Tanzania hired new primary school teachers, and built 30,000 new classrooms. By 2006, nearly all primary school aged children were enrolled in school. Ethiopia has generated immense strides regarding achieving universal primary enrolment. thank to increased budget commitments and increases in development assistance. root word in 1997, the Ethiopian government emphasized increased access, greater equity and improved quality of national education. Ethiopia is targeting public sp ending on education in rural areas.This move has had a marked impact on demand for and access to education, as distance to school is a significant barrier for many children, especially for girls. (One. org 2012) What needs to be done? Further investment in primary education is clearly needed and Thomas (2011) wrote that The Financing Education in Sub-Saharan Africa report reveals tremendous gains in the provision of basic education on the back of a 6 part annual increase in real education expenditure across the region in the past decade.This includes a 48 percent increase in primary enrolment, while enrolment in pre-primary, secondary and tertiary education grew by more than 60 percent over the same period. (Thomas 2011) UNESCO declare that achieving the goal of EFA involves understanding what holds girls and boys back, so that policies can be designed to overcome these obstacles and improve access to, and participation in education. Urgent action is needed in countries where the gender gap is still large in primary and secondary education.An overriding priority is to tackle poverty constraints by reducing the direct and indirect cost of schooling to families and addressing the incidences of child labour. (UNESCO 2003) When deducing what action should be interpretn in sub-Saharan Africa it seems obvious that capital is needed but it is vital that this capital is spent wisely. That investment should compromise elements from the 1990 World Conference on Education for All which were teach useful skills, be more flexible, get girls into school, raise the quality and status of teachers and to cut the families school bill.(Potter et al. 2008) As well as eliminating gender and other inequalities such as those between the rural and urban. Finally, strategies need to involve communities and take a bottom-up approach from a local scale to ensure EFA and achievement of the MDG by 2015. References Dolan, S. (2012). Thanks to supporters, the Schools for Africa programm e is reaching millions. Available http//www. unicef. org/education/index_61242. html suffer accessed 15/03/2012 Ford, L and Kavuma, R. (2010). Lack of transparentness undermining primary education in Africa.Available http//www. guardian. co. uk/katine/2010/feb/23/primary-education-africa. Last accessed 15/03/2012. Jandhyala B. G. Tilak cited in CICE Hiroshima University, Journal of International Cooperation in Education, Vol. 12 No. 1 (2009) pp. 5 17. (2009). Basic Education and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Available http//home. hiroshima-u. ac. jp/cice/12-1Jandhyala. pdf. Last accessed 15/03/2012. Novicki, M. (1998). Boosting basic education in Africa. Available http//www. un. org/en/africarenewal/subjindx/114spedu.htm. Last accessed 15/03/2012. One. org. (2012). Education in sub-Saharan Africa. Available http//www. one. org/c/us/progressreport/776/. Last accessed 15/03/2012. Potter et al. (2008). Chapter 5 People in the development process. In Geographies of Development A n Introduction to Development Studies. 3rd ed. London prentice Hall. 222-224. Riddell, A (On behalf of UNESCO). (2003). The introduction of free primary education in sub-Saharan Africa. Available http//unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0014/001469/146914e. pdf.Last accessed 15/03/2012. The World Bank. (2010). Education key to achieving Millennium Development Goals . Available http//data. worldbank. org/news/education-key-to-achieving-MDGs. Last accessed 15/03/2012. Thomas, D. (2011). UNESCO Sub-Saharan African primary education boosted by increased spending . Available http//web. thisisafricaonline. com/news/2011/04/28/unesco-sub-saharan-african-primary-education-boosted-by-increased-spending/. Last accessed 15/03/2012. UN. (2010). The Millennium Development Goals Report.Available http//www. un. org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15%20-low%20res%2020100615%20-. pdf. Last accessed 15/03/2012 United Nations Summit. (2010). Goal 2 hit Universal Primary Education. In High-l evel Plenary meeting of the General assembly. New York UN Department of reality Information. UNESCO. (2003). Gender and Education for All Sub-Saharan Africa1. Available http//www. unesco. org/education/efa_report/zoom_regions_pdf/ssafrica. pdf. Last accessed 15/03/2012.

Business information system Essay

1. What might have happened to orchard apple tree if its top executives had non supported investment in iPads?If the top executives had non supported investment in pads, the new crop go forth be known by less volume. Without investment in iPad, people will not receive the study of new technology.2. Why would it be unethical for orchard apple tree to sell its iTunes guest schooling to other line of patronagees?The customers teaching is about personal privacy, any company send awayt sell customers information without their permit.3. Evaluate the effects on apples business if it failed to secure its customer information and all of it was accidentally posted to an anonymous website. The customers will not corporate trust apple again, and they will not leave personal information on iTunes. This will influence apple that people will not use apple store for purchasing. If the security problem let customers credit card information been stolen, orchard apple tree will response for that.1 Do you match or disagree that orchard apple trees iTunes, iPhone applications and iPad applications give the company a competitive advantage? Be sure to justify your answer. Yes, I agree with that. One of the main factors that brought orchard apple tree back from near remission was its ability to produce, mart, and sell IT products such(prenominal) as the iPod, iPhone, and customer authentic applications. If Apples top executives did not have the foresight to view the MP3 players as a competitive advantage, then chances are the company would not have made a strong comeback in the highly competitive electronics grocery store. People who got iPhone, iPad, they will go to Apples store to download and buy the application. Other company can tho develop application to Apple they cant sell or provide their application to customer directly. This is a big advantage for Apple.2 Why are data, information, business intelligence and knowledge classical to Apple? Give an example of each type in relation to the iPad.Data are rough facts that describe the characteristics of an event or object. Before the information age, managers manually collected and died data, a time-consuming and confused task without which they would have little insight into how to run their business. Lacking data, managers often found themselves making business decisions about how many products to make, how much material to order, or how many employees to hire based on wisdom or gut feelings. In the information age, successful managers compile, analyse, and comprehend massive amounts of data daily, which helps them make more successful business decisions.Examples includeSales date, Quantity sold, Cost, Sales price, Total profit, Shipping address, Customer address, tuner type, Memory amount, Colour. Information is data converted into a meaningful and useful context. Having the right information at the right moment in time can be worth a fortune. Having the wrong information at the right moment or the right information at the wrong moment can be disastrous. The truth about information is that its value is only as good as the people who use it. People employ the same information can make different decisions depending on how they translate or analyse the information. Thus information has value only insofar as the people using it do as well. Business intelligence (BI) is information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyses patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making. BI manipulates multiple variables and in some cases even hundreds of variables including such items as interest rates, persist conditions, and even gas prices.For instance, BI can predict inventory requirements for a business for the week onwards the Super Bowl if, say, the home team is playing, average temperature is above 80 degrees, and the stock market is perform well. This is BI at its finest, inc orporating all types of internal and external variables to anticipate business performance. Knowledge includes the skills, experience, and expertise, coupled with information and intelligence that becomes a persons intellectual options. Knowledge workers are individuals valued for their ability to find andanalyse information. Todays workers are commonly referred to as knowledge workers and they use BI on with personal experience to make decisions based on both information and intuition, a valuable resource for any company.3 Analyze Apple using Porters Five Force model.Apples buyer power was low when it first introduced the iPod since it was first to market with the product. Now, there are many competitors to Apples iPod and its buyer power is increasing since customers can choose from many different manufacturers of MP3 players. Apples supplier power was high and now it is decreasing since buyers have many choices of whom to buy from. Apple can use environmental scanning, or the acquisition and analysis of events and trends in the environment external to an organization, to analyse rivalry. Apple can use environmental scanning to analyse everything from competitor strategies to understanding new and switch market trends to determining the strategic placement of Apple stores. Without watching its environment and understanding what its competitors are doing and where the market is headed, Apple will have a difficult time setting its strategic direction, as Steve Jobs determined when he thought he had missed the MP3 bandwagon.4 Which of the three generic strategies is Apple following?Apple follows a focused strategy.5 Which of Porters Five Forces did Apple address through its origination of the iPhone?Apple decreased the power of its buyers and increased its own supplier power by introducing the iPhone. Since the iPhone was the first to market with an internet access, data storage, MP3 player, etc., its buyers had no power and no choice but to purchase the product from Apple. Unfortunately, Apple could not create an entry barrier and soon many other companies began offering integrated stall phones, which increased buyer power and reduced supplier power.6 Which of Porters Five Forces did Apple address through its customer-developed applications?Apple decreased the power of its buyers and increased its own supplier power by introducing customer developed applications. Since the iPhone was the first to market with an internet access, data storage, MP3 player, which could all accept customer developed applications, its buyers had no power and no choice but to purchase the product and the applications from Apple. Unfortunately, Apple could not create an entry barrier and there are more and more companies offering customer developed applications such as Google and its Android operating system.

Criminal and Gang Members Anonymous Essay

Criminal and syndicate constituents unidentified is a program which involves a 12 step established by Richard Mejico. Criminals and Gang members Anonymous is a dogmatic and a non-profit organic law whose primary aim is to help individuals who atomic number 18 honestly go awaying to let go rout involvement. The organization chief documental is to help criminals and clump members who honestly want to quit from annulus and other criminal activities. They offer an alternating(a) demeanorstyle relinquish of illegal and red activities through 12 step principles of recovering from devastating dep residuumencys. The organization is driven by their principal goal and welcomes totally kindle members to quit dreadful effects of group up operations. The organization acknowledges that gang involvement is intertwined to other compelling and addictive habits. The gang involvement may be addictive since they may be in form of co-dependency or in form of chemical dependence.The organization achieve to help these members to abandon from gang activities by portion them identify the magnetic force of gang manipulation that initiates compelling actions that have repugnant results. CGA members are accustomed to destructive activities including hard drugs. These members have experienced a lot and they recognize that the end results of gang operations and destructive way is physical impairment, incarceration or death. Their wish is to help gang members abandon these addictive criminal activities and help restructure their communities rather than destruction. The following 12 steps of CGA will help these gang members quit from devastating past and lead courteous lives.Reviewing the pat and admitting lack of guts to control dependence from any form of illegal activity which cast breeding unmanageable and worthless.Become willing and gestate that castrate is possible by learning from ex-gang members who have passed the path of recovery by learning the end r esults of destructive manners.Deciding to abandon destructive behaviors in ex qualifying of moral principles and tasteing Gods care, guidance and protection.Thorough review of the past, making a list of the right and wrong deeds and make reform strategies.Seeking forgiveness from God, ourselves and pack most as well as confessing our illegal activities to a trusted person.Make personal commitment of abandoning illegal behaviors and focus on living manageable and decent lives through moral principles.Honest recognition of the shortcomings whenever bad thinking comes up and immediately rectifying our actions and thinking.Making a thorough list of all the destructive actions, realize the impact of gang activities in our lives and become richly committed to undergo reform.Asking for forgiveness from the tidy sum who were harmed and avoiding causing more harm.Admitting to take daily records of the behavior and have courage to admit the wrong.Seeking to improve phantasmal awareness through mediation and request and asking for forgiveness and guidance in living decent lives, being responsible and caring for others.Realizing spiritual awakening by implementing the 12 steps and share low gear hand experience to other people who are willing to quit gang activities, assuring them that switch is possible and living appropriately.Richard was sentenced to death for attain case in the Mule Creek prison. He was a hard core gang member, solely he learnt a lot from Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous. He was given this book by a conical buoy who visited him and changed his way of thinking and living. The book helped him to understand that change was possible and the teachings could be applied to criminals. Richard pop outed to change other inmates and started CGA in 1997. The growth of youth gang and gang furiousness is being experienced in the modern society. There is an approximate of 3000 gangs with around 800000 gang members in America. Professionals are researchi ng for appropriate strategies of saving the youths from gang shames. The youths usually stick around involved in gang activities since they believe there are no alternative feelstyles. Building trust is one of the major barriers towards assisting the youth to abandon these gang activities. In order to get helped these criminals must acknowledge that they are accustom to these destructive behaviors. These criminals and gang members should too understand the end results of their actions which will help them to take necessary measures.Gang and criminal activities are deeply rooted to a deformed way of thinking. Criminals and gang members think that the advice and opinions from others are inappropriate. They tend to talk more, moreover they never say what they feel. Their certain friendship is basically with addictive behavior, illegal activity or chemical substance. They tend to think that outlet to school is less probative and reject fundamental principles of success. Princi ples of success help people to learn on how to live. The existence of gang members and criminals is characterized with confusion and anger thus they tend to seek gratification and relief from inebriant and drugs as well as being violent to others without any valid reason. They only feel life to revolve around them, their needs and wants and never consider other peoples feelings and opinions. They think they are hunters, yet they are hunted since they rarely find peace and harmony. These gangs and criminals have come to realize that change is possible and has chosen to undertake reform programs. Organizations and extradite centers have been founded to enhance radical transformation of the gangs and criminals as well as societys locations toward the offenders. They also encourage the society to have positive attitude towards give-and-take of these offenders (Alexander, 2000).Homeboy industries is an organization that was formed to transform the live of offenders. They serve risky ex-gang members by offering free services and programs and also operate several cordial enterprises which serve as job-training centers. In 1972, Soledad Enrichment put to death Inc. was found. Soledad Enrichment Action Inc. is a non-organization that was found by mothers who had lost their loved ones in gang power.ocean has grown from a miserable beginning to a famous service willr to high risk people, gang victim communities and families around Southern California. SEA main objective is to empower families, youth and communities by providing them with resources, guidance and support. SEA soon operates seventeen education centers, where they provide alternative education model to families and the youths. Their education program is personalized and thence enables high-risk persons to earn high school diploma. SEA admits an estimate of 3500 students per year who are the age of 14-18. SEA has a 77% successful completion due to their intense focus and rigorous standards. SEA prov ide intervention, civic engagement, reintegration, and support to victims of disgust.SEAs holistic program encourage individuals to learn to become demote parents, accessing social services, gain employment, live successful lives, and completing high school education. SEA works with victims by helping them realize their potential, where they are, and help them to create a success path. SEA uses a multi-faceted approach to chase in their objectives. The L.A. gang violence prevention and intervention program to be held in 2014 is focused in determining the initial cause of gang violence and come up with resolutions to combat those causes. Research reveals that social determinants and multiple environmental impacts push young youth into gang involvement. These factors include poverty, early childhood trauma, addiction to the lifestyle, structural racism, traumatized communities, parenting as well as violent culture in the community. Abuse which includes substance abuse, familiar ab use and mental health might also be causal factors to gang involvement.Change should start from within rather than expecting others to initiate change. However, many people confuse the world change with system change because they believe that it is challenging for an individual or a single organization to transform the entire system. other organization that transforms lives of offenders is Californians for guard duty and justice. Californians for Safety and Justice is a nonprofit oriented organization which works with Californians from disparate walks of life to replace justice and prison system waste in general reforms that create a conducive community. Through partnership, public education, public advocacy as well as support to local best practices, California for safety and justice is able to promote effective criminal justice objective aimed at preventing cycles of crime and enhancing a peaceful community.Californians for Safety and Justice has a network of more than 5800 cr ime victims. The organization coagulate community and business leaders, law enforcement, health professionals, policymakers, crime prevention professionals and educators to replace expensive, experient fashioned approaches of conducting business using latest justice priorities that advance public safety without depleting resources from social amenities. Californians for Safety and Justice is greatly supported by other foundations with similar objectives. Beit TShuvah is other residential and treatment center. Their services include family counseling, support, prevention programs, professional training and court advocacy to the community. The treatment ad boot programs that Beit Tshuvah offers include sex addiction, drug addiction, gambling addiction, alcohol addictions and other violent behaviors to male and females.The mission of rescue and reform centers is to strengthen and unify voices of individuals and other members of the organizations who are committed to abandon the epide mic of gang violence through provision of resources, education and policy advocacy. These gang and criminals wish to abandon destructive behaviors since they acknowledge that they punt community health, build up and initiate health inequalities. There is relationship between gang, drugs, small-arm violence and firearm accessibility. There is high prevalence of gun violence and homicide in many European countries. In order to combat gang and criminal activity, it is vital to understand the role of drugs and gangs in enhancing violence. Acknowledging the trend and reasons coffin nail gun violence increase especially among youthful gangs has become an issue of concern. Governments have designed and use various policies aimed at reducing gun violence, however, some pose more harm than good. The increased gang violence can be associated by the increase in urban street gangs. Most firearm homicide cases have been associated to wars among groups of youth and gangs who are involved in t he drug activities (Alexander, 2000).The ex-gang members explain how gang destructive behavior is associated to gun avail baron and drugs. Participation in gangs increases the probability of the youths getting involved in guns. Violence is a complex issue which governments are unable to control through regulation to gun access. The limits to private self-will of firearms aim at cutting down the access of firearms by the offenders. However, the criminals still access firearms from black markets. Richard Mejico, the crack up of CGA recognized that his glory was destructive thus he started the mission of requesting his fellow prisoners to abandon gangs and prison lives. The organization is also likely to cut down crime outside the prison. On September 21st, the officials held 65 corrections and politicians in a forum set for CGA. This forum aimed at spreading the organization. Mejico and at least 30 robbers, rapists, and fine-tuneers testified how the program had changed their live s. Mejico criticized peoples view of gang members he express that they have fear and all they need is love from the society. They should not be asked about what they have done since that is their past rather people should focus on helping them to reform. They can learn to love the same way they learn violent behaviors. Retrieved from http//www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584CGA program has spread since its humble beginning at Mule Creek in 1997, where inmates are transferred to other prisons. Mejicos objective is to inspire others to spread the program in schools, communities and prisons. He also added that he did not start the organization for recognition, but because it saved his life. Mule Creek spokesperson said that Mejico served two years imprisonment for killing a man who defiled his girlfriend. Two months later, Mejico committed another murder for his group in Los Angeles. This was a double murder and he was se nt to death line. In the prison, he gained reputation as the Mexican mafia due to other gang members loyalty. A nun regularly visited him at San Quentin State prison and pestered him to abandon gang activities. He usually listened but he never changed until the Supreme Court ruled out that his death sentence be changed into life imprisonment in 1978. He also acknowledged that change is strategic and not immediate. Mejico studied detail in psychology in San Jose University. Alcoholics Anonymous program is another field that he pursued, but it did not touch his issues. He came to understand how he developed crime since his girlfriend was raped. He came to understand that his hatred was initiated by emotions rather than any reason.The first step for the people undertaking the program is to admit that their lives are not manageable. Then they should research on what propelled their deviance, look for divine growth and formulate amendments with victims. In a meeting at Mule Creek priso n, prisoners testified of how their youthful chafes initiated violent crimes. One of the prisoner by the name Willie, spoke of how his hate for his abusive and often abusive dad. His fathers meekness propelled him to kill to get behind bars. Willie also stabbed a man in the prison. He also admitted of how he was addicted to destructive behavior. Mejico said that the resentment force driving violent actions should not be an escape goat. macrocosm honest and humble with one self and cutting short the false comfort of gangs or crime is very significant to achieving transformation. Mejico acknowledge that there is additional tranquility for the potential victims who are undertaking the program.A 26 year old prisoner, Joey Ray Lucero who pleaded guilty for attempted murder came to learn that gang life is wrong. While serving his sentence at Mule Creek prison, he joined CGA and he is presently helping potential victims to abandon their destructive behavior. He is also undertaking lectu res at East Los Angels College where he also joined football club. Lucero said that he was raised in San Diego as a third-generation member of a gang in his neighborhood. His peers were heroin addicts where he was shown to be loyal to show no pain to the gang. Lucero said, You spend all those years fighting for a street corner or number or color that isnt yours, lot of bloodshed five, six generations for what? He regrets he cannot pay a visit to his old neighborhood because of the fear of being killed for betraying his gang members. On the other side he is happy since the CGA program had completely changed his life. Mejico believes that he can spread the program through CGA website and writing earn to the public as well as other potential victims. He also said that offenders should tattle out their problems so that they wont harm anybody. He also asked people to support his mission since he is still serving his life sentence. Retrieved from http//www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-f reedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584In conclusion, CGA is a very significant program that helps offenders to understand that being courageous is not characterized by actions of violence to earn praise from the gang members. True courage can be defined as the act of doing what is right and best to ourselves. It is the ability of refusing being manipulated by other and taking positive direction to achieve decent and manageable lives. Gang and criminal activities is an addictive behavior and should be addressed just like any other epidemic. The first step towards transformation is for the potential victims to realize that their lives are unmanageable followed by identifying what initiated their deviance. This will help them seek spiritual growth and in making amendments with other victims. The offenders should also believe that change is possible however, it is lingering rather than immediate.ReferencesSeeking freedom from gangs grip Criminals and Gangm embers Anonymous . (n.d.). http//www.gblc.se/. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http//www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584Alexander, R. (2000). Counseling, treatment, and intervention methods with juvenile and adult offenders. Belmont, CA Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.Promising and model crime prevention programs. (2008). Ottawa National Crime stripe Centre.Violence Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles Who We Are. (n.d.). Violence Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles Who We Are. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http//new.vpcgla.org/who-we-are arising document